Viscosity and Flowability Attributes of Modified Milk-Based Enteral Formulas Fortified with Pumpkin and Egg White for Pediatric Severe Acute Malnutrition

Abstract

Background: The standard F-100 formula for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) rehabilitation is often constrained by high costs and limited accessibility. Objective: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the rheological and physical properties (specifically viscosity and flowability) of a modified milk-based enteral formula fortified with pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) and egg white as a locally accessible alternative. Methods: A single-factor Completely Randomized Design was employed with three formula variations (B1, B2, and B3). Viscosity was measured using a digital rotational viscometer, and flowability was assessed via a gravity-driven simulation using an 8 French pediatric nasogastric tube (NGT). Results:  viscosity ranged from 145 cP (Formula B1) to 700 cP (Formula B2). Flow durations ranged from 290 to 350 seconds, with flow rates of 0.06–0.07 mL/s. Formula B3 exhibited the highest flow efficiency (290 seconds). However, these numerical variations were not statistically significant for viscosity (p = 0.368) or flow rate (p = 0.368). Conclusion: This formulation demonstrates physical and mechanical feasibility for pediatric NGT administration, but further nutritional testing is required before considering it a clinical alternative to F-100