Acute Toxic Effects of Breadfunnel Leaf Extract (Artocarpus Altilis) on Wistar Rats as a Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia

Abstract

Background: The use of herbal medicine for managing dyslipidemia is increasing globally; however, comprehensive data regarding its acute safety profile remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis) prepared via maceration to mirror traditional preparation in Wistar rats, and to determine its LD₅₀ value. Methods: Using a laboratory experimental design, 20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: a control group (distilled water) and three treatment groups administered single doses of 3, 5, and 10 g/kg BW. Clinical symptoms, mortality, body weight, and histopathological changes in the liver and kidneys were evaluated over 14 days. Results: the results showed zero mortality across all groups, establishing an LD₅₀ > 10 g/kg BW. Transient clinical symptoms (lethargy, diarrhea, and tremors) appeared on Day 1 at high doses (5 and 10 g/kg BW) but completely resolved by Day 14. Significantly, body weight increased across all groups (highest gain of 17.7% at 10 g/kg BW, p < 0.001), suggesting that the extract did not interfere with appetite or nutrient absorption. Histopathological analysis revealed dose-dependent changes, including fatty degeneration and mild necrosis in the liver, as well as hydropic degeneration in the kidneys at ultra-high doses. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of Artocarpus altilis is practically non-toxic (LD₅₀ > 10 g/kg BW). While it holds strong potential as a safe therapeutic agent for dyslipidemia, extremely high doses impose a metabolic burden on excretory organs.